Arenas of Language Use

Herbert H. Clark

When we think of the ways we use language, we think of face-to-face conversations, telephone conversations, reading and writing, and even talking to oneself. These are arenas of language use--theaters of action in which people do things with language. But what exactly are they doing with language? What are their goals and intentions? By what processes do they achieve these goals? In these twelve essays, Herbert H. Clark and his colleagues discuss the collective nature of language--the ways in which people coordinate with each other to determine the meaning of what they say.

According to Clark, in order for one person to understand another, there must be a "common ground" of knowledge between them. He shows how people infer this "common ground" from their past conversations, their immediate surroundings, and their shared cultural background. Clark also discusses the means by which speakers design their utterances for particular audiences and coordinate their use of language with other participants in a language arena. He argues that language use in conversation is a collaborative process, where speaker and listener work together to establish that the listener understands the speaker's meaning. Since people often use words to mean something quite different from the dictionary definitions of those words, Clark offers a realistic perspective on how speakers and listeners coordinate on the meanings of words. This collection presents outstanding examples of Clark's pioneering work on the pragmatics of language use and it will interest psychologists, linguists, computer scientists, and philosophers.

Herbert H. Clark is professor in the Department of Psychology at Stanford University and coauthor, with E. V. Clark, of Psychology of Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics.

Table of Contents
Introduction

Part I Common Ground and Language Use

1. Definite Reference and Mutual Knowledge

2. Context for Comprehension

3. Common Ground and the Understanding of Demonstrative Reference

Part II Discourse as a Collaborative Process

4 Referring as a Collaborative Process

5 Contributing to Discourse

6 Understanding by Addressees and Overhearers

Part III Audience Design in Language Use

7 Hearers and Speech Acts

8 Dealing with Overhearers

9 Concealing One's Meaning from Overhearers

Part IV Coordination of Meaning

10 Making Sense of Nonce Sense

11 Understanding Old Words with New Meanings

12 Words, the World and their Possibilities

This title is available through our copublisher, The University of Chicago Press. Please contact them for ordering information.

11/1/92

ISBN (Paperback): 0226107825

ISBN (Cloth): 0226107817

Subject: Linguistics; Pragmatics; Sociolinguistics